Welcome to FirstLanguageEnglish.com!

Victor Tan
 

Welcome to the ultimate guide to conquering the 0500 First Language English exam!

Whether you’re a student or a teacher, we are confident that you’ll find some value here. The materials on this site will break down the IGCSE First Language English curriculum for you, offer you some helpful tips, and provide you both with a rough outline as well as in-depth guides to success, even and especially if you’ve never done well on this subject in the past.

Some of the materials are free, and others are premium materials accessible if you choose to purchase membership access.

Here is the site directory!

Site Directory:

  1. Syllabus-related
  2. Paper 1
  3. Paper 2
  4. Coursework
  5. Text types
  6. Tips for optimizing your time for exam practice
  7. Resources and publications
    • More to come!

Also, it IS a blog, so you’ll get some of my thoughts here, there, and everywhere.

First Language English isn’t easy, but I hope this helps you out! Any and all purchases that you make from the website will help support my work and allow me to provide more value to you in the future. Thank you for your support!

If you find this work valuable, do consider sharing it over social media, sharing it with your students, feel free to integrate it into your lesson plans as well, and make sure to learn as much as you can during this epic time ahead ๐Ÿ™‚

…What are you waiting for?

Go forth and succeed! Happy reading!

New Year Premium Membership Sale!

Victor Tan
 

Happy New Year and attention to all of you May 2026 IGCSE FLE students!

We’re having a discount for premium – it’s a sale, it’s a sale, it’s a sale!ย 

Enjoy premium at a steal of $10 monthly when you subscribe via our annual plan, and just $12/month if you opt for our monthly premium membership!

As I’ve come into the new year, I’ve started to think that more people should have access to what we have here, and to better balance between the needs of students as well as my wish to create a sustainable business.. 

The hope is that more of you will consider sharing this with your friends and family, and maybe even gift it to others if you find it worthwhile and meaningful as a resource.

If you’re interested to share our work with your audience, friends or school, enjoy a 20% commission on each referral that you make to EFL.net, and email me today at victortanws@gmail.com with a quick description about your audience.

I look forward to working together with you as we share the English language and its beauty with a couple more people each day. 

Thank you for reading, and look forward to seeing you in the next ones! 

Till our next chat!

Yours,ย 
Victor.

Narrative Essay Reflection and Breakdown: Write a story which includes the words, ‘โ€ฆ it could not be stopped โ€ฆ (May 2025 Variant 1, Question 4)

Victor Tan
 

Welcome back, friends!

January’s two thirds over (can you believe it???), and I’m starting to notice how much of our language is built around controlโ€”or the illusion of it. We “seize the day,” “take charge,” “make things happen.” English loves this fantasy of agency, as if willpower alone could bend reality. But then there are those other phrases, the ones we whisper when things go sideways: “it is what it is,” “que sera sera,” “nothing we could do.” It’s fascinating how quickly we code-switch between these two registersโ€”the language of control and the language of surrenderโ€”depending on whether we’re winning or losing. And maybe that’s what makes storytelling so powerful: it forces us to confront the space between what we can change and what we cannot, between action and acceptance. The best stories live in that tension, where characters push against unstoppable forces not because they’ll win, but because not pushing would cost them something essential about who they are.

This week’s essay prompt: “Write a story which includes the words, ‘โ€ฆ it could not be stopped โ€ฆ ‘”; it is question 4 in the May 2025 Paper 2 series from Variant 1 – we’ll end with Q1 Variant 1 next week before heading in to Variant 2 thereafter!

Here’s what makes this prompt brutally effective: those four words force you to write about powerlessnessโ€”but they don’t tell you what cannot be stopped, who tries to stop it, or why it matters. The prompt is a constraint that creates immediate dramatic tension, but the real test is whether you can build a story where the unstoppable thing isn’t just plot machineryโ€”it’s thematically essential. Many students will reach for the obvious: a natural disaster, a speeding vehicle, an illness. But the strongest responses understand that “it could not be stopped” is only interesting when someone desperately needs it to stop. The emotional stakes determine everything. What’s being threatened? Who’s trying to intervene? What does their failure (or partial success) reveal about human agency and limitation? This is where narrative writing becomes sophisticated: when you use external, physical momentum to explore internal, moral questions. Can you make us feel the gut-punch of pulling an emergency lever that does nothing? Can you show us a character learning, in real-time, that acceptance and action aren’t oppositesโ€”they’re sometimes the same desperate thing?

As always, the essay will be marked according to the IGCSE First Language English marking criteria available in the rubrics, and you will understand clearly what works and what doesn’t, and why. As always, so you can understand the logic of why what works works and get inspiration for your own writing.

You’ll find the essay here!

The full essay is available for our premium members. If you haven’t signed up already, then make sure to sign up over here!

Thank you all, and look forward to seeing you in the next one!

Complete Breakdown: Text Types in IGCSE English First Language 0500

Victor Tan
 

As you know, the Cambridge IGCSE First Language English 0500 wants you to develop an awareness and familiarity with different types of texts throughout the entire duration of the course. As it turns out, there are a few official ones that you have to be aware of. With that in mind, according to the official Cambridge syllabus, students must be able to write in the following text types:

  1. Letter
  2. Report
  3. Article
  4. Journal
  5. Speech
  6. Interview
  7. Summary (specific to Paper 1 only)

These appear in two key places in the exam:

Paper 1, Question 3 (Extended Response):

  • Letter, Report, Journal, Speech, Interview, or Article
  • 250-350 words
  • Based on Text C

Paper 2, Section A (Directed Writing):

  • Speech, Letter, or Article
  • 250-350 words
  • Discursive/argumentative/persuasive writing

Coursework Assignment 1:

  • “Any appropriate form” which can include: Letter, Article, Speech, or any text type suitable for discussing/arguing/persuading

Now let me break down each text type comprehensively.

For each of the text types, I will provide you with a format that you can use. The content structure, highlight the language features that should be present in your text, and also highlight a few common exam scenarios which you may encounter. Ready? Let’s go!


1. LETTER

Types:

  • Formal Letter (to authorities, officials, newspapers, companies)
  • Semi-formal Letter (to teachers, coaches, community leaders)
  • Informal Letter (to friends, family – rarely tested in IGCSE)

Purpose:

  • To communicate a message to a specific person or organization
  • To request, complain, inform, persuade, or apply

Key Features:

Formal Letter Format:

Your address (sender's address)

[Leave a line]

Date
[Leave a line]
Recipient's name and title
Recipient's address

[Leave a line]

Dear Sir/Madam, OR Dear Mr/Ms [Surname],

[Leave a line]

CONTENT IN PARAGRAPHS

[Leave a line]

Yours faithfully, (if you used Sir/Madam)
OR
Yours sincerely, (if you used their name)

[Leave a line]
Your signature
Your name (printed)

Content Structure:

  • Opening paragraph: State purpose clearly and immediately
  • Middle paragraphs: Develop your points with specific details (one point per paragraph)
  • Closing paragraph: State desired outcome or call to action
  • Sign off appropriately

Language Features:

  • Formal tone: No contractions, slang, or colloquialisms
  • Polite but assertive language: “I would appreciate,” “I am writing to express,” “I strongly believe”
  • Clear, organized paragraphs
  • Appropriate register for audience

Common Exam Scenarios:

  • Letter to newspaper editor arguing a position
  • Letter to local council about a community issue
  • Letter responding to an article writer
  • Letter of complaint or request

2. REPORT

Purpose:

  • To present findings, observations, or information in an organized, objective manner
  • To inform decision-makers
  • To provide analysis and recommendations

Key Features:

Format:

TITLE: Report on [Topic]
OR
[Company/Organization Name] - Report

Prepared by: [Your name/position]
Date: [Date]
For: [Recipient/audience]

Introduction/Purpose
[What this report is about and why it was commissioned]

Findings/Main Body
[Organized sections with subheadings if appropriate]
- Finding 1
- Finding 2
- Finding 3

Conclusion
[Summary of key points]

Recommendations
[Specific suggestions for action]

Language Features:

  • Objective, impersonal tone: Use third person or passive voice
  • Formal language: No personal opinions stated as such
  • Clear organization: Use headings and subheadings
  • Factual presentation: Based on observations or data
  • Professional vocabulary: “It was observed that,” “The findings indicate,” “It is recommended that”

Content Structure:

  • Introduction: Outline purpose and scope
  • Main body: Present findings systematically (can use bullet points sparingly)
  • Conclusion: Summarize key observations
  • Recommendations: Suggest practical actions (optional but often expected)

Common Exam Scenarios:

  • Report on working conditions
  • Report on facilities or services
  • Report on an event or experience
  • Report to management/authorities

3. ARTICLE

Types:

  • Magazine Article (feature pieces, opinion pieces)
  • Newspaper Article (news reports, editorials, opinion pieces)
  • Online Article (blog-style pieces)

Purpose:

  • To inform, entertain, persuade, or provoke thought
  • To engage a wide audience on a topic of interest

Key Features:

Format:

HEADLINE
[Catchy, attention-grabbing, possibly using puns or alliteration]

Subheading (optional)
[Expands on headline, provides context]

By [Your name] (optional)

INTRODUCTION PARAGRAPH
[Hook the reader immediately]

BODY PARAGRAPHS
[Develop your points with evidence, examples, anecdotes]

CONCLUSION
[Strong ending - call to action, provocative question, or memorable statement]

Language Features:

  • Engaging, lively style: Can be more creative than reports
  • Direct address to reader: “Have you ever wondered…”, “We all know that…”
  • Varied sentence structures: Short sentences for impact, longer for development
  • Rhetorical devices: Questions, repetition, rule of three
  • Personal voice: Can use “I” and express opinions clearly
  • Varied vocabulary: Mixture of formal and informal depending on audience

Content Structure:

  • Headline: Make it grab attention
  • Opening: Hook reader with interesting fact, question, or anecdote
  • Development: Build argument or present information engagingly
  • Conclusion: Leave reader thinking or call them to action

Common Exam Scenarios:

  • Article arguing for/against a position
  • Article discussing a topical issue
  • Feature article on an experience or topic
  • Opinion piece for a magazine

4. JOURNAL/DIARY

Purpose:

  • To record personal thoughts, feelings, and experiences
  • To reflect on events from a personal perspective
  • To explore emotions and reactions

Key Features:

Format:

Date: [Day, Date, Month, Year]
OR
Dear Diary,

[PERSONAL REFLECTIONS AND NARRATIVE]

[No sign-off necessary, or simple:]
[Your name/initials]

Language Features:

  • First person narrative: Extensive use of “I”
  • Personal, reflective tone: Honest, introspective
  • Informal register: Can use contractions, colloquial language
  • Present or past tense: Depending on when writing occurs
  • Emotional expression: Share feelings openly
  • Conversational style: Like talking to yourself or a trusted confidant

Content Structure:

  • Opening: Set scene/context (“Today was…,” “I can’t believe…”)
  • Development: Narrate events and express feelings about them
  • Reflection: Analyze what happened, what it means, how you feel
  • Conclusion: Look forward or sum up emotional state

Common Exam Scenarios:

  • Diary entry after a significant experience
  • Journal reflecting on events described in text
  • Multiple entries showing progression of thought/feeling
  • Personal response to a situation

5. SPEECH

Purpose:

  • To persuade, inform, entertain, or inspire an audience
  • To present arguments or ideas orally (though written on paper)
  • To create connection with listeners

Key Features:

Format:

[Optional greeting/opening]
"Good morning, ladies and gentlemen," / "Thank you for coming today,"

[MAIN CONTENT - written as if spoken]

[Optional closing]
"Thank you for your attention." / "I hope you'll join me..."

Language Features:

  • Direct address: “You might think,” “We all know,” “Ask yourselves”
  • Rhetorical devices:
    • Rhetorical questions
    • Rule of three (lists of three)
    • Repetition for emphasis
    • Anaphora (repeated sentence openings)
    • Emotive language
  • Conversational connectives: “Now,” “So,” “But here’s the thing”
  • Inclusive language: “We,” “us,” “our”
  • Varied pace: Short, punchy sentences mixed with longer development
  • Signposting: “Firstly,” “Furthermore,” “In conclusion”

Content Structure:

  • Opening: Grab attention, establish credibility, state purpose
  • Development: Present arguments with evidence and examples
  • Address counter-arguments: Show you’ve considered other views
  • Conclusion: Summarize key points, powerful ending, call to action

Common Exam Scenarios:

  • Speech to school assembly
  • Speech to local council
  • Debate speech arguing a position
  • Campaign speech
  • Speech responding to an article

6. INTERVIEW

Purpose:

  • To present information through question-and-answer format
  • To reveal character, opinions, or experiences
  • To make information accessible and engaging

Key Features:

Format:

[Optional Introduction]
"Today we speak with [Name] about [Topic]..."

Q: [Question from interviewer]
A: [Answer from interviewee]

Q: [Question]
A: [Answer]

[Continue...]

[Optional Conclusion]
"Thank you for your time..."

Language Features:

  • Two distinct voices:
    • Interviewer: Professional, probing questions
    • Interviewee: Personal responses, revealing information
  • Question variety:
    • Open questions (“Tell me about…”)
    • Probing questions (“Why did you…?”)
    • Follow-up questions (“You mentioned… can you explain?”)
  • Natural conversational flow
  • Mix of formal and informal depending on context
  • Reveal information gradually

Content Structure:

  • Introduction: Set context, introduce interviewee
  • Opening question: Ease in, establish rapport
  • Development: Deeper, more probing questions
  • Key questions: Address main points from source text
  • Closing: Wrap up, thank interviewee

Common Exam Scenarios:

  • Interview with person from the text
  • Interview with expert on topic
  • Interview revealing character’s thoughts/motivations
  • Interview exploring different perspectives

7. SUMMARY (Paper 1 Only)

Purpose:

  • To condense key information from a text
  • To demonstrate understanding of explicit and implicit content
  • To present information concisely in own words

Key Features:

Format:

[Continuous prose paragraph(s)]
[No introduction or conclusion]
[Approximately 120 words for Paper 1]

Language Features:

  • Own words: No lifting from text
  • Third person: Objective presentation
  • Present tense: Usually (unless text is clearly past)
  • Concise expression: Every word counts
  • No personal opinion: Stick to text content
  • Selective detail: Only relevant points

Content Structure:

  • Open with context: Brief statement of what’s being summarized (use question wording)
  • Present points: One after another, no unnecessary elaboration
  • No introduction: Get straight to first point
  • No conclusion: Stop when points are covered

Critical Rules:

  • Do not copy phrases from text
  • Do not add your own opinions
  • Do not include examples unless specifically asked
  • Do not exceed word limit significantly
  • Do cover all bullet points if given
  • Do use connecting words for flow

Where Each Text Type Appears:

Paper 1, Question 3:

You’ll be given ONE of these six options:

  • Letter
  • Report
  • Journal
  • Speech
  • Interview
  • Article

You must respond in the specified format (250-350 words)

Paper 2, Section A (Directed Writing):

You’ll write ONE of these three:

  • Speech
  • Letter
  • Article

Purpose: Discursive, argumentative, or persuasive (250-350 words)

Coursework Assignment 1:

“Any appropriate form” – typically:

  • Letter (most common)
  • Article
  • Speech
  • Report (less common but acceptable)

Key Principles Across All Text Types:

  1. Audience Awareness:
    • Who are you writing for? You should have a sense of who the audience is and what you must do when you are speaking to each audience.
    • Formal or informal? Depending on the social situation and the types of people that you’re speaking to, you may need to vary your language. If you’re speaking at a conference, clearly your language should be formal; if you are writing to elementary school children, you can not be using Ph.D.-level language.
    • What do they know already? Think about this as you write.
  2. Purpose Clarity:
    • What are you trying to achieve?
    • Inform? Persuade? Entertain? Reflect?
  3. Register Appropriateness:
    • Match tone to text type and audience
    • Consistent throughout
  4. Structural Coherence:
    • Clear beginning, middle, end
    • Logical progression of ideas
    • Appropriate linking between points
  5. Content Relevance:
    • Stay focused on the task
    • Use material from source text appropriately
    • Develop ideas fully

Common Mistakes to Avoid:

โŒ Mixing formats (starting as letter, ending as article)
โŒ Ignoring conventions (no address on letter, no headline on article)
โŒ Wrong register (too informal for report, too formal for journal)
โŒ Lifting text (especially in summaries)
โŒ Irrelevant content (straying from the text/task)
โŒ No clear audience (writing to nobody in particular)
โŒ Inconsistent voice (switching between perspectives)


Final Thoughts:

The text types aren’t just about format – they’re about understanding how purpose, audience, and form interact. A letter arguing against a policy will look different from a speech arguing the same point, even though both are persuasive. The letter is targeted to a specific recipient with formal conventions; the speech addresses a crowd with rhetorical flourishes.

Practice each text type until the conventions become automatic. Then you can focus on what really matters: the quality of your ideas, the sophistication of your expression, and the effectiveness of your communication.

The examiners aren’t just checking if you put “Dear Sir/Madam” at the top – they’re assessing whether you can adapt your writing to different contexts, audiences, and purposes. That’s what W4 (use register appropriate to context) is all about.

The Point Of Simplicity

Victor Tan
 

A few days ago, I received a request from a friend of mine who is studying a Master’s in Education at a university in Korea. It was a pretty simple request on the surface:ย 

Can you give me tips on my thesis? 

I was honoured to receive this request because she is a very educated woman. I won’t go into details, but she fits the criteria of being highly educated, extremely high IQ, and on the surface it would seem that someone like that wouldn’t need any help. 

But I had a look, and it turns outโ€ฆ She did.ย 

The thing itself was long, but that was not the problem.

The problem was that it was filled with dense and technical vocabulary words like “qualitative acceleration methodology” and so many others just randomly thrown around as she moved together a little picture that seemed to take shape inside her head, but it made sense to nobody else.

As I read it, the confusion escalated, and I found myself asking:

If you’re writing about education, then why write with such dense vocabulary?

To which a simple response formed in my head:ย 

We needed to simplify what she was saying.ย 

Now, you might think that this was a problem unique to my friend, but it’s actually a lot more common than you might think. Highly educated and very qualified people. Start writing about things they know and are passionate about, but they miss the forest or the trees and peppering. What they write with a near infinite variety of complicated words. They imagine that their goal has come to light. Unfortunately, it often does not. 

See, the point of a thesis is that it has to be understood by others, and more generally, the point of writing is so that it can be appreciated by the people who choose to read it. 

In other words, good writing has to be accessible to people’s minds – how you choose to do that is up to you, but that needs to be true – you need to arrange your sentences to make sure that people understand everything that you say, they have all the knowledge they need at every moment to understand everything else that you say – you have to make your piece accessible to the person who is reading it.

Some teachers like to say that as writers we should err on the side of human stupidity – that we should make things so clear and spelled out that there is no chance of misinterpretation. 

On hearing this advice, some of the readers out there then take this to mean that they should use grade school level words, stooping down, spelling everything out, literally treating the reader as someone who they regard as having a sub-par intellect. 

But really, and again, that misses the point. 

You see, in reality, the main point was always that whatever you wrote would be accessible to the person who was reading it – There’s no other deep or hidden point there. However you do it is up to you, which means that in reality, your language can be as simple or as complex as you want it to be, as long as you arrange it correctly. 

Here are some examples, featuring a few descriptions of flowers. (Level 1 accessible with a Free Membership – Levels 2 and 3 accessible to Premium members)

Three Tulip Fields: A Study in Accessible Beauty
Level 1: Simple Language
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Level 2: Moderate Language

The sunlight finds you before you notice itโ€”a gradual warmth spreading across your skin, turning everything amber and honey-thick.

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Note on the exercise:

Each version employs the same core techniquesโ€”in medias res opening, sensory immersion, movement, specific detail, the interplay of individual and collectiveโ€”but demonstrates how language complexity affects texture and rhythm without necessarily affecting emotional impact or clarity of vision. The simplest version uses directness and immediacy. The moderate builds layers. The complex creates intellectual texture. All three, ideally, should make you feel the field.โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹

As you can see, language complexity is actually only incidental to how high-quality a piece is. You could use the most simple language to create something beautiful, but that doesn’t mean that you can’t create something amazing with elaborate pieces either.

The simplest analogy I can make is that of LEGO. 

In the hands of a master, the simplest LEGO blocks can assemble themselves to create elaborate structures, while in the hands of an amateur, the most intricate LEGO set will not assemble itself into a finished product. As a writer, your job is to take the metaphorical LEGO blocks in your hands and to arrange them into something recognisable and accessible for the reader. 

The point for you, and I say this to myself as well, is not to treat others as stupid – it is to create something that others can appreciate, regardless of the complexity, to the audience and the people that you want to appreciate what you create. 

It was this advice that I gave to my friend, it was upon this advice that I helped her, and it is to this advice that I confer a simple title: 

The point of simplicity. 

I hope you enjoyed this post! If you enjoyed it, feel free to leave a comment down below – if you disagree with it, feel free to do the same; in all cases, if you benefited from it, consider sharing it with a friend who needs to see this ๐Ÿ™‚

Thank you for reading, and till the next ones!

Victor.